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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.13.4.19</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Activity of Laurus nobilis L Grown in Saudi Arabia</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Rizwana</surname>
                        <given-names>Humaira</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Al Kubaisi</surname>
                        <given-names>Noorah</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>N. Al-Meghailaith</surname>
                        <given-names>Nadeen</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>MS Moubayed</surname>
                        <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Albasher</surname>
                        <given-names>Gadah</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1*"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				            		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
          <aff id="aff-1">Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh - 11495, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</aff>
			<aff id="aff-1*">King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</aff>
			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-25">
                <day>25</day>
				<month>12</month>
                <year>2019</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>13</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>2073</fpage>
            <lpage>2085</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2019 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.microbiologyjournal.org/https://microbiologyjournal.org/evaluation-of-chemical-composition-antibacterial-antifungal-and-cytotoxic-activity-of-laurus-nobilis-l-grown-in-saudi-arabia/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>Present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activity of Laurus nobilis grown in Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia. Dried leaves of L. nobilis were extracted with various solvent with increasing polarities. Solvent extracts exhibited variable inhibition zones against bacterial pathogens, however all the solvent extracts showed significant inhibition against fungal pathogens. Acetone extracts had the largest inhibition zone against Streptococcus pnemoniae (37.16 ± 0.23 mm) while ethanol and methanol extract showed the most efficient percentage inhibition against mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata (91.33 ± 0.47; 90.66 ± 0.94).High cytotoxicity was demonstrated by methanol and aqueous extracts (IC50 14.90µg/ml, 24.56 µg/ml), while acetone extracts showed moderate effects on cell inhibition (IC50 41.43µg/ml).The significant activity shown by the bay leaf extracts could be attributed to monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, phenylpropanoids, phenols, and other important phytoconstituents identified in GC- MS and FTIR studies. Our findings clearly show significant antifungal, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of solvent extracts of bay leaves, which could be attributed to the presence of wide range of phytochemicals. Since plants derived natural products are less toxic, cheaper, and have negligible side effects, they would serve as an excellent alternative to antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic drugs.</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Laurus nobilis</kwd>
        <kwd>solvent extracts</kwd>
		<kwd>GCMS</kwd>
		<kwd>cytotoxic</kwd>
			<kwd>antibacterial</kwd>
			<kwd>antifungal</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
