<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<!--<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="article.xsl"?>-->
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.12.4.27</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from the Environment at Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname> Banu</surname>
                        <given-names>Shahanaz</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
               
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname> Kogaluru Shivakumaraswamy</surname>
                        <given-names>Santhosh</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
                
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname> Dharnappa Sannejal</surname>
                        <given-names>Akhila</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
                </contrib>
                 <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname> Mundanda Muthappa</surname>
                        <given-names>Dechamma</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
                </contrib>
                 <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname> Mary Mathew</surname>
                        <given-names>Stephina </given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
                 <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>  Aithal</surname>
                        <given-names> Prarthana</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
           </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff-1">Department of Biotechnology, Shri Dharmastala Manjunatheshwara Post Graduate college, Ujire- 574 240, India.  </aff>
            <aff id="aff-2">Viral and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences, Sagar road, Shivamogga- 577201, India. </aff>
            <aff id="aff-3">Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed-to-be University), Paneer campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575 018, India</aff>
            <aff id="aff-4">UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5 Ireland.</aff>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-27">
                <day>27</day>
                <month>12</month>
                <year>2018</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>12</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>1913</fpage>
            <lpage>1919</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2018 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri
                            xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiologyjournal.org/molecular-characterization-of-antimicrobial-drug-resistant-escherichia-coli-isolated-from-the-environment-at-dakshina-kannada-karnataka/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>Escherichia coli are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other warm-blooded organisms. Since E. coli can discharge through deposition of fecal material, it has become habituated to soil and water in the environment. Hence the present study was undertaken to isolate and identify E. coli from various environments (viz., cattle waste, piggery, poultry and sewage water) and to determine their antibiogram patterns to different group of antimicrobial agents. A total of 120 samples comprising cattle wastes (30), poultry droppings (30), piggery (30), sewage water/sediment (30) were collected from the Dakshina Kannada and analyzed for the presence of E. coli. Of total samples screened, 82 (68.3%) were found to be positive and among 82 E. coli strains, 25 were isolated from cattle wastes, 18 from piggery, 13 from poultry and 26 from sewage samples. The antibiogram pattern of these strains showed differential multi-drug resistance to antibiotics used. Of 82 strains, 19 (23.2%) were susceptible to all the antibiotics and 63 were resistant to at least one of the drug tested. The results from present study revealed relatively high resistance to antimicrobials in E. coli and as a potential vehicles of multi drug resistance could possibly pose public health and therapeutic problems.</p>
		</abstract>
			<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd>
        <kwd>antibiotic</kwd>
	<kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd>
	<kwd>integrons</kwd>
				<kwd>multi drug resistant</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>   
</article>
