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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.12.3.53</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Identification of Fungi Associated with Processed-Food Contamination at Open Markets of Windhoek, Namibia</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Nawases</surname>
                        <given-names>Bianca</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Uzabakiriho</surname>
                        <given-names>Jean-Damascene</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Chimwamurombe</surname>
                        <given-names>Percy</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
                		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
            <aff id="aff-1">University of Namibia, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.</aff>
			<aff id="aff-2">Namibia University of Science and Technology, P. Bag 13388 Windhoek, Namibia.</aff>
	 
			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-09-30">
                <day>30</day>
                <month>09</month>
                <year>2018</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>12</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <fpage>1489</fpage>
            <lpage>1494</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2018 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.microbiologyjournal.org/identification-of-fungi-associated-with-processed-food-contamination-at-open-markets-of-windhoek-namibia/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>With the ever-increasing pace of urban life, many people now rely a lot on processed
foods. Some of these processed foods are prepared hygienically and yet some are prepared in
homestead and brought to the open market, without having gone through any microbial quality
checks. This has in the recent past led to outbreaks of food -borne diseases such as Cholera
and Salmonellosis to mention a few. In this study, processed food samples were collected from
three open markets in Windhoek namely Single quarters, Soweto market and the Okuryangava
Bus stop. The samples included maize (flour), dried Cleome gynandra leaves, mopane worms,
roasted groundnuts, minnos, and cooked beef steaks. Morphological identification was done
based on the macroscopic characters based on the colour, shape, and texture and microscopic
characterization using lactophenol cotton blue wet mount. DNA was extracted from the
fungal isolates and PCR was performed using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The PCR products were
sequenced, and the results were used for identification using the BLAST search program in NCBI.
Dried Cleome gynandra contained most of the isolated fungal species which were identified
Pichia burtonii, P. macrostoma, Dothidealus, and A. parasiticus. However, Aspergillus species
were present in all the food samples and A. parasiticus was found in all food samples except
the ground nuts. These could be an indication of that the fungus prefers low water activity and
possibly high salt concentrations to survive.
		</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Namibia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fungal contamination</kwd>
			<kwd>Processed food</kwd>
			<kwd>Open markets</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
