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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.12.3.36</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Anti-Candida Activity of Geraniol: Effect on Hydrolytic
Enzyme Secretion and Biofilm Formation</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Sharma</surname>
                        <given-names>Yamini</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Kumar Rastogi</surname>
                        <given-names>Sumit</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Amin Saadallah</surname>
                        <given-names>Sahar Saadallah</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Al Fadel</surname>
                        <given-names>Khadija</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Manzoor</surname>
                        <given-names>Nikhat</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
                		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
            <aff id="aff-1">College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah-30001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</aff>
			<aff id="aff-2">Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025. India.</aff>
			<aff id="aff-3">Microbiology Lab, Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah-30001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</aff>
			<aff id="aff-4">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.</aff>
	 
			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-09-30">
                <day>30</day>
                <month>09</month>
                <year>2018</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>12</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <fpage>1337</fpage>
            <lpage>1349</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2018 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.microbiologyjournal.org/anti-candida-activity-of-geraniol-effect-on-hydrolytic-enzyme-secretion-and-biofilm-formation/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>Existing antifungal drugs available today are low in efficacy, high in toxicity and cause
multidrug resistance. Anti-Candida potential of geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol was
evaluated and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, adherence and biofilm formation were studied
as virulence attributes. XTT reduction assay, inverted light microscopy and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) were used to study the effect of geraniol on biofilm formation. In vitro
secretion of proteinases and phospholipases was observed on plates containing BSA and egg
yolk, respectively. Geraniol showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 130 μg/ml for
C. albicans and C. glabrata and 80 μg/ml for C. tropicalis. Inhibition of biofilms was observed
at sub-MIC values of geraniol. Proteinase secretion decreased in C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C.
glabrata by 32.5-38.7%, 46.51%, 31.83%, respectively at MIC of geraniol. The clinical sensitive C.
albicans D-27 and resistant S-1 showed 36.95% and 57.53% proteinase inhibition, respectively.
Only minor inhibitory effects of geraniol were observed on phospholipase secretory activity. At
MIC, the standard and resistant C. albicans strains showed 10-20% reduction in phospholipase
inhibition, while the clinically sensitive strain showed an inhibition of 33%. Results show that
geraniol interferes with the initial steps of fungal virulence and biofilm formation and can be
used in the management and treatment of both topical and systemic Candida infections.
		</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Candida</kwd>
        <kwd>geraniol</kwd>
			<kwd>biofilms</kwd>
			<kwd>proteinases</kwd>
			<kwd>phospholipases</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
