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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.12.2.16</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Uropathogens Isolated from Rafha Central Hospital, Rafha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Ali</surname>
                        <given-names>Akbar</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
                		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
            <aff id="aff-1">Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.</aff>
	 
			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-06-30">
                <day>30</day>
                <month>06</month>
                <year>2018</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>12</volume>
            <issue>2</issue>
            <fpage>577</fpage>
            <lpage>586</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2018 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.microbiologyjournal.org/antimicrobial-resistance-pattern-of-uropathogens-isolated-from-rafha-central-hospital-rafha-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the capability of a microorganism to neutralize the
harmful effects of a drug. AMR is an increasing health problem worldwide. UTIs are among the
most common infection in human accounting for 150 million cases globally. E. coli is the most
common pathogen responsible for these infections. The uropathogens are getting resistant to
commonly used antibiotics. The current study was designed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance
pattern of the uropathogens against commonly administered antibiotics in patients visiting Rafha
central Hospital, Rafha city, Saudi Arabia. The study was done retrospectively and the data was
collected from the hospital lab from January 2016 to December 2017. During that period, 623
positive cases were observed. E. coli was the most prevalent UTI pathogen. Resistance against
27 commonly used antibiotics was studied. Among β-Lactam antibiotics, increasing resistance
was observed except for Augmentin. The imipenem was relatively more effective. Among non-²
Lactam group, least resistance was seen against Vancomycin and Amikacin. Overall increase
in antibiotic resistance was observed in the current study with some exceptions. It is therefore
recommended that the routine urine cultures must be done and the resistance pattern in the
region must regularly be monitored.
		</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)</kwd>
        <kwd>uropathogens, pattern</kwd>
			<kwd>urinary tract infection (UTI)</kwd>
			<kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd>
			<kwd>prevalence</kwd>
			<kwd>susceptible</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
