Ectomycorrhizas (ECM) are interact and mutualistic associations by which tree roots and soil-borne fungi interact and form, which are typical dominate the global terrestrial ecosystems. Nutritional physiology and resistance function of host plant may be enhanced by fungal symbiont for diversification ways. However, to achieve this physiological functions encompasses a series of complex and fine control mechanisms in the colonizing mycelium and roots of host trees, indicating that both partners evolved unique molecular mechanisms to establish and maintain this kind of mutualistic relationships. The development processes of an effective ECM symbiosis, in comparison with some other plant-microbe organizations, such as rhizobia or arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis, little is known about the mechanistic details of the signalling between partners. Current studies have provided crucial insights into multiplicity of signal molecules, diversity of signalling pathways and the regulation of symbiosis-specific genes expression during the ECM symbiosis establishment, based on existing knowledge from the interaction of symbiosis organizations, we will gradually identify this mechanism of signal recognition and transduction related with ECM development on a molecular level.