ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
, Elgie Viennechie Gatse1,2, Tarcisse Baloki Ngoulou1,2, Ngo–Itsouhou1,2 and Etienne Nguimbi1,2,3The aim of this work was to determine the effect of a few external factors on bacterial growth and the production of enzymes with a proteolytic effect in three strains of Bacillus: CMS5 (Bacillus subtilis), CMS4 (Bacillus sp.) and SPo5 14′ (Bacillus velenzensis) isolated from squashes packed in traditionally prepared cassava leaves, but also to determine the best source of carbon and nitrogen. All three strains have the ability to actively degrade milk casein. The strains were grown in Luria Bertani medium and the suspension from the cell culture was used to measure optical density and demonstrate enzyme activity on a petri dish containing skim milk. Several parameters were verified including the influence of temperature, pH, and carbon and nitrogen source on growth and enzyme production. Growth was possible from 25 to 60°C with an optimal temperature of 30°C after 24 hours. Enzyme production was observed from 25 to 55°C with an optimum at 37°C. For pH, growth and enzyme production was possible from pH 5.7 and 9 with an optimum of 7 in all three strains. Among the sources of carbons used, galactose is the best source for growth after 24 h in all three strains, and starch for production. Among nitrogen sources, Bacto-peptone is best for growth as well as production.
Optimization, production, protease, strain, Bacillus
Microorganisms, through their activities, are today used in the different branches of industry, namely: the chemical, agro-food and pharmaceutical industries. Today microbes are used in different industries like chemical, food and pharmaceutical 1,2. They are remarkable agents of degradation. Indeed, in their natural environment, they participate in the biodegradation of even the most complex organic matter (cellulose, lignin, chitin and pectin) thanks to the production of various extracellular enzymes3. Among the microorganisms, bacteria are one of the groups known, together with fungi, for the production of substances of biotechnological interest, including hydrolytic enzymes.
Current biotechnological advances have made it possible to set up processes exploiting microbe al properties in the various fields of life, which have a wide range of applications4. Proteases, amylases, cellulases and other hydrlolytic enzymes, developed by bacteria particularly the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Alteromonas Penicillium Enterobacter, are widely used. Lipases produced by Serratia, Pseudomonas, Fusarium and Alternaria are also used in the dairy, detergent and even biodiesel industries.5
The genus Bacillus, with its rapid growth and highly developed enzymatic production due to its genetic heritage, is used in a wide range of biotechnological fields6. Under particular conditions (density of the inoculum, presence of metal ions, metabolisable substrate, temperature, pH and oxygen requirement) the Bacillus genus produces extracellular enzymes. Several previous studies on the enzymatic production from microorganisms have optimised the growth and production of proteolytic enzymes, thus providing information on the close link between microbial growth and enzymatic production7. In Congo Brazzaville, it has been shown that many traditional fermented and unfermented foods contain bacteria of the genus Bacillus capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes.
In this work, three strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. and Bacillus velenzensis identified by their 16S rDNA8 isolated from cooked squashes sold in Brazzaville markets in the Republic of Congo were used for the study.
Bacterial strains, culture conditions and bacterial growth
The three strains of Bacillus: Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus sp. and (Bacillus velenzensis); used in this work come from the collection of microorganisms isolated from crushed pumpkin seeds, packed cooked and sold in the markets of Brazzaville. These freeze-preserved strains of Bacillus were available at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the Marien N’gouabi University. The cultures were carried out in Erlen Meyer containing 20 mL of fermentation medium (LB), cultured at 37°C. 1 mL of the overnight culture was taken and transferred to an Erlen Meyer containing 100 mL of LB and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C, then every 2 hours 3 mL was taken, of which 2 mL was used to measure the optical density. 1 ml was centrifuged, the supernatant of which was used to detect and evaluate the enzymatic production7,9
Protease production
Proteolytic enzyme assay and casein box
To demonstrate the proteolytic activity of the strains, 1 g of agarose was dissolved in 100ml of PBS at 0.01, then heated until the agarose was completely dissolved and allowed to cool. 10 ml of skimmed milk was added. After homogenising, the medium was poured into the tins. 50 µl of the bacterial supernatant from the centrifugation were placed in the tins and then placed in the oven. Incubation was carried out at 37°C for 12 hours.
The strains were qualified as having proteolytic potential after observation of the clear halos around the wells in which the supernatant had been deposited and the diameter of each of the translucent halos was measured10,11
Effect of temperature on the growth and production of proteolytic enzyme
The effects of temperature on growth and enzyme production were studied by varying the temperature. Thus we proceeded as follows, a fresh colony was inoculated in 20 ml of the LB medium contained in erlenmeyer incubated overnight. On the following day, 1 ml of the overnight culture was inoculated into the 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and incubated for 24 hours at temperatures between 25; 30; 37; 40; 45; 50; 55; 60°C. 3 ml was taken, of which 2 ml was used to measure the optical density and 1 ml was kept for the detection of the enzyme activity10,11.
Effect of pH on the growth and production of the enzyme
The effect of pH on growth and protease production was evaluated. For this purpose, cultures were carried out on liquid LB media at different pH’s, 5, 7 and 9. A colony taken from the petri dish after transplantation was inoculated into the Erlenmeyer flask containing 20 ml of LB medium, and then 1 ml of the overnight culture inoculated into the Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 ml was taken and incubated for 24 hours at 30°C. 3 ml are taken, of which 2 ml is used to measure the optical density at 600 nm using a spectrophometer and the pH using pH paper and 1 ml is stored for enzyme production 10,12,13
Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth and production of proteolytic enzymes
Carbon sources
The growth monitoring and extracellular enzyme production of three Bacillus strains were studied under the effect of different carbon sources containing different types of substrates: Galactose, Starch, Mannose. Sugars are used separately and a single source of nitrogen (yeast extract) is used in combination with mineral substances (MgSO4.5H2O; KH2PO4; Cacl2.6H2O; K2HPO4). In each medium 0.5% of the yeast extract; 0.06% of MgSO4.5H2O; 1% of KH2PO4; 0.2% of Cacl2.6H2O: 0.2% of K2HPO4 have been added. For this, three media were reconstituted. Medium1 : Galactose, Yeast extract MgSO4.5H2O:0.06%; KH2PO4:0.1%; Cacl2.6H2O:0.2%; K2HPO4:0.2%. Medium 2: Mannose, Yeast extract MgSO4.5H2O:0.06%; KH2PO4:0.1%; Cacl2.6H2O:0.2%; K2HPO4:0.2%. Medium 3: Starch Yeast extract MgSO4.5H2O:0.06%; KH2PO4:0.1%; Cacl2.6H2O:0.2%; K2HPO4:0.2% These media are then sterilized14,15,16
Nitrogen sources
In order to study the effect of the nitrogen source on the growth and production of extracellular enzymes of three Bacillus strains, a carbon source (starch) and the following mineral substances MgSO4.5H2O :0.06%, KH2PO4 :0.1%, Cacl2.6H2O :0.2%, K2HPO4 :0.2% have been fixed. Then we varied the sources of nitrogen. Thus two media were prepared: one containing the yeast extract, starch and mineral substances and the other containing the bactopeptone, starch and mineral substances. These media are then sterilised. The culture condition was carried out as described above14,15,16
Evidence of proteolytic enzyme production
Fig. 1 shows translucent halos used as an indicator of proteolytic enzyme production. These vary in diameter from 1 to 3.5cm.
Fig. 1. Translucent halos indicating the digestion of casein by the enzymes produced by Bacillus trains. TN: Negative control
Influence of temperature on growth and enzyme production growth
The profile of the influence of temperature on growth is shown in the Fig. below (Fig. 2). This influence obtained by plotting the optical density evolution curves that express the growth of Bacillus strains (CMS5, CMS4 and SPo5 14′). For temperatures between 25 and 30°C, an increase in optical density observed which proportional to the increase in temperature. Optimum was obtained at 30°C for all three (3) strains. However, from 37 to 55°C the increase in optical density becomes inversely proportional to the increase in temperature and, above 55°C the optical density decreases progressively and tends to cancel out from 60°C onwards.
Fig. 2. Growth in CMS5 (Bacillus subtilis), CMS4 (Bacillus sp.) and SPo5 14′ (Bacillus velenzensis) as a function of temperature
Enzymatic production
In order to determine the optimal temperature for the production of exo-cellular enzymes for the 3 strains, halo diameter development curves expressing the excretion of exo-cellular enzymes as a function of temperature variation were established in the Fig. below (Fig. 3) over a temperature range of 25 and 60°C. The simple observation of this Fig. clearly shows that 37°C the favourable temperature for the production of enzymes for Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velenzensis strains and 30°C for Bacillus sp. Above 37°C production decreases considerably.
Fig. 3. Enzyme production in CMS5 (Bacillus subtilis), CMS4 (Bacillus sp.) and SPo5 14′ (Bacillus velenzensis) as a function of temperature.
Growth kinetics over time
The curves in Fig. 4 show the growth kinetics of CMS5 (Bacillus Subtilis); CMS4 (Bacillus sp.) and SPo5 14′ (Bacillus Velenzensis) as a function of time. All curves show the same pattern. In CMS5 and SPO5 14′; from 8h to 24h, the growth increases gradually, and is proportional to time. However, from 24h to 26h, despite the increase in time, there a stabilisation of the optical density. expressing the stabilisation of growth (optical density). Beyond 26 hours, growth (optical density) becomes inversely proportional to time. At CMS4; 8 h to 24 h, microbial growth increases progressively until it reaches a peak and from 24 h then it remains stable until 32 h. From 32 hours onwards, growth decreases and becomes inversely proportional to time.
Fig. 4. Growth kinetics in Bacillus subtilis (CMS5), Bacillus sp. (CMS4) and Bacillus velenzensis (SPo5 14′) as a function of time.
The growth curves obtained for the three strains have the same phases: exponential growth phase, stationary phase and a phase of diminishing growth (Fig. 4). An analysis of these curves reveals that there no latency phase; certainly because we used overnight culture with germs taken in exponential phase and the same culture medium. In fact, in the exponential growth phase, the bacterial cells divide continuously, as long as nutrients are available and toxic substances are absent at the optimal neutral pH (7). As the physiological state maximal, so the growth rate. In the stationary phase, nutrients are depleted, toxic substances accumulate and the pH rises to 8. The number of cells no longer varies. There as much cell division as cell death. The growth rate constant. We even speak of cryptic growth, where cells feed on the contents released by dead cells. Finally, in a phase of decline, the cells no longer divide, they die by cell lysis by the enzymes released at the moment of their death.
Evolution of the pH as a function of time
The results of the pH of the bacterial suspension as a function of time are shown in the Fig. below (Fig. 5). It can be seen that there an increase in pH as a function of time for all three (3) strains. From 8 to 10 hours the pH is equal to 6 for all three strains. From 12 to 26 hours it rises to 7 and from 28 to 30 hours it rises to 8.
Fig. 5. Evolution of pH as a function of time
The effect of pH on growth and enzymatic production
Effect of pH on growth
The choice of the pH upstream in the monitoring of growth in a culture medium important. Fig. 6 shows the influence of pH (5, 7 and 9) on growth in the three strains Bacillus subtilis Bacillus sp. and Bacillus velenzensis. The best growth obtained at pH 7 (neutral) for all strains. However, growth possible at pH 5, 7 and 9.
Fig. 6. Effect of pH on growth in three Bacillus strains: Bacillus subtilis (CMS5), Bacillus sp. (CMS4) and Bacillus velenzensis (SPo5 14′)
Effect of pH on enzyme production
The pH is a major factor and plays an important role in the enzyme production process. It can lead to an increase or decrease in the increased production of enzymes (Mathieu Dourin 2015). Fig. 7 shows the effect of the pH of the medium on the enzyme production of the three Bacillus strains: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. and Bacillus velenzensis. Enzyme production is possible from pH 5, 7 to 9.
Fig. 7. Effect of pH on the enzyme production of three Bacillus strains: Bacillus subtilis (CMS5), Bacillus sp. (CMS4) and Bacillus velenzensis (SPo5 14′).
Effect of carbon sources on growth and enzymatic production
Fig. 8 shows that the choice of carbon sources in the culture medium is necessary for enzyme production, as each microorganism has different physiological properties. Observation of this Fig. tells us that galactose has proven to be the best source of carbon for growth. On the other hand, starch proved to be the best source of enzyme production after 24 hours of incubation.
Fig. 8. The effect of carbon sources on the growth and production of three strains of Bacillus: Bacillus subtilis (CMS5), Bacillus sp. (CMS4) and Bacillus velenzensis (SPo5 14′).
The effect of nitrogen sources on growth and enzyme production
The influence of nitrogen sources in the fermentation and production environment was studied. The results of the three strains are shown in Fig. 9. Analysis of the results in this Fig. shows that Bacto-peptone is the correct component for growth and enzyme production in all three strains.
Fig. 9. The effect of nitrogen sources on the growth and enzymatic production of three Bacillus strains: Bacillus subtilis (CMS5), Bacillus sp. (CMS4) and Bacillus velenzensis (SPo5 14′).
Optimising the temperature for bacterial growth is an important procedure. The optimal temperature for growth of three strains 30°C. These results are similar to those obtained by7,16 using other strains of the same origin, but these results differ from those of9 for this work on growth optimisation, fibrinolytic enzyme production and PCR amplification of genes encoding fibrinolytic enzymes in two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (Ba NM76 and Ba NM 77) isolated from Ntoba mbodi in Congo Brazzaville.
The results presented on the demonstration of the enzyme production of the three (3) strains show that these strains produce proteolytic enzymes with a caseinolytic effect. 37°C the optimal temperature for enzyme production for the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velenzensis strains and 30°C for Bacillus sp. These results are identical to those published by17. but differ from those found by7,16 on the Ntoba bodi which found 35°C as the optimal temperature for enzyme production.
Under the same growing conditions, all strains have different enzyme production profiles. This study has given results that agree with these rules. Many authors have claimed these rules, such as18,19,20
The growth kinetics of three (3) strains gave a different pattern of curves from the results obtained by15 with the presence of a latent phase in the growth curve a different method by the type of culture used, nevertheless these results are almost identical to those published by21.
The results presented on the demonstration of the enzyme production of the three (3) strains show that these strains produce proteolytic enzymes with a caseinolytic effect. This study gave similar results to those published by22,23. Growth is possible at any pH. The optimum was obtained at pH 7. These results are in line with those obtained in other studies carried out on Ntoba Nbodi7,16
Based on data provided by other researchers, the proteolytic enzyme production media of the different strains were adjusted to different pH values. Since the optimal pH for all strains was 7, these results are comparable to previous results on Ntoba Nbodi7,16,24 which showed that the optimal pH for enzyme production was 7. However, our results differ from those found by17 where the best production was obtained at pH 8 but also differ from those found by25 where the optimal pH for production was 9.
Among the carbohydrates that have been used as a source of carbon, galactose has proven to be the best for growth. On the other hand, starch proved to be a better source of enzyme production after 24 hours of incubation, results which are consistent with those of7 but different from those published in26 with glucose (monosaccharide) as the best source of production. Galactose promotes significant growth while starch promotes better enzyme production. This result probably explained by the fact that galactose and mannose are monosaccharides. The strains easily metabolise these carbon sources and the source is rapidly depleted. Hence the low enzyme production, whereas starch a polysaccharide, the strains metabolise slowly and the source is always available in the medium for good enzyme production.
Results on nitrogen sources have been determined. Although growth and enzyme production is observed with the yeast extract, Bacto-peptone would therefore be the best nitrogen source to produce enzymes in significant quantities. These results differ from those of 7,26 who obtained the best growth and enzyme production with yeast extract.
In the end, this work made it possible, among other things, to determine the effect of the various external factors studied in this modest study of the three strains of Bacillus: CMS5 (Bacillus Subtilis), CMS4 (Bacillus sp.) and SPo5 14′ (Bacillus Velenzensis) isolated from squashes. Proteolytic activity was demonstrated on a medium containing skim milk mixed with agarose. The results obtained showed that the three strains are relatively capable of carrying out proteolysis generating a halo up to 3.5 cm (35 mm) in diameter.
The set of methods used made it possible to determine the external factors influencing the growth and production of the proteolytic enzymes tested, one factor having a significant effect on the production of the enzyme which temperature, starch and Bacto-peptone of (0.5g/100ml) being the best sources of carbon and nitrogen respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those who have contributed to this work. More particularly to Dr. Etienne NGUIMBI and Dr. Cyr Jonas MORABANDZA, both CAMES Lecturers and Researchers at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien NGOUABI University, Brazzaville Congo, for their contribution to this modest work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
FUNDING
None.
ETHICS STATEMENT
Not applicable.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.
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