ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
, Godfred Antony Menezes2 , Khaled Alaboud Alkheder1, Yousif Al Khafaji1 and Nadeem Javid3Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection with more than 500,000 infections per year worldwide. Brucella spp. are transmitted from animals to humans by ingestion of infected food products, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. Brucellosis is considerably rare in United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of this manuscript is to report a case of neurobrucellosis in Ras Al-Khaimah. UAE. A 33-year-old male patient presented with fever, chills, rigors, myalgia, arthralgia, and neck stiffness after ingestion of unpasteurized raw camel milk. The patient was admitted to the hospital with brucellosis with possible CNS involvement. During hospitalization, patient developed testicular pain, diagnosed as orchitis. The patients clinical condition progressed from human brucellosis to neurobrucellosis confirmed by investigations.
Brucellosis, zoonotic disease, contaminated food, Brucella spp.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterial genus Brucella spp. The organism causes beyond 500,000 infections per year worldwide. The bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans by consumption of infected food products, straight contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols1. Human brucellosis is an important occupational hazard particularly in rural areas. We need to raise awareness about zoonotic brucellosis through educational programs and carry out regular screening of the animals for infectious diseases2,3. Brucella spp. has been detected in commercialized traditional cheese as well. There should be guidelines for good practices to be followed in such cheese manufacturing4.
Breaks in the epithelium, mucous membranes, conjunctivae, respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts can all serve as portals of entry to the bacteria. Once the organism gains entry to the bloodstream, the bacteria rapidly become intracellular pathogens confined inside circulating polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and macrophages5,6 Brucellae may replicate locally or they affect the nervous system either by direct methods or indirect methods, through cytokine or endotoxin release on the neural tissue, the infection initiates an immune response that leads to demyelination of neurons in the Central
Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)7
Systemic brucellosis is a complication of neurobrucellosis infection. The occurrence of neurobrucellosis has been reported to be 5–7% in the literature5. Neurological complications include meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, myelitis, radiculitis, peripheral and cranial neuropathies, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain abscess, psychiatric manifestations, and demyelinating syndrome5,6. The highest prevalence of neurobrucellosis is in the Mediterranean basin and the Arabian Peninsula. In the UAE the overall report rate was 3·3 per 100,000 population but greater rates were seen in certain population subgroups particularly expatriate males of working age in the Eastern Region (about 10 per 100,000) and UAE nationals of both genders and all ages in Abu Dhabi (between 4 - 24 per 100,000)1. The objective of this manuscript is to discuss a case of 33-year-old male presented with neurobrucellosis encountered in in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
Case History
33-year-old Male Presented to Out Patient Department (OPD) Clinic in Ibrahim Bin Hamad Obaidullah (IBHO) Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE complaining of a 46 days fever. According to the patient, the fever started 40 days after the ingestion of unpasteurized raw camel milk. The fever was intermittent throughout the day and present every day, accompanied by excessive night sweats, rigors, chills, generalized headache throughout the day, lethargy, myalgia, arthralgia involving multiple joints including ankle and right hip which was of 9/10 in severity in the absence of physical activity, neither swelling nor redness noticed. After 7 days of fever, the patient complained of backache that was gradual on onset radiating to the right buttock, which worsened and made him incapacitated, feeling stiffness in the lower back. The patient experienced neck stiffness, photophobia, and phonophobia. During the course of the disease, the patient developed non-bloody watery diarrhea that lasted for 5 days, and was not accompanied by abdominal cramps. Apart from the above episodes, the patient had previously been well and had a healthy lifestyle, as he was a gym instructor.
Clinical Examination
The patient was aware and oriented, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 15/15, and hemodynamically stable. On general examination, the patient was found to be irritable, febrile with a fever of 38.7 ℃ and heart rate of 110 bpm at the time of examination. There was no lymphadenopathy or other significant findings.
On systemic examination, the patient had stiffness of neck and a positive kerning’s sign and deep tendon reflexes were brisk. Other systems were found to be normal.
Serological tests for Brucella melitenisis showed a total antibody titer of 1:5120. Full blood count rates showed high Lymphocytes (68%), and high Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (44.0). Serological tests for Treponema palladium, CMV, EBV, HIV, TB infection were Negative.
The clinical findings and presentation raised the suspicion of CNS infection. Lumbar puncture Investigations showed low Glucose and high Protein in CSF (668.8 mg/dl).
CSF and blood Culture confirmed Brucella melitenisis bacteria involvement. CT scan showed no abnormalities (Fig. 1). The patient was admitted to the hospital with brucellosis with possible CNS involvement. During hospitalization, patient developed testicular pain, diagnosed as orchitis.
Fig. 1. CT scan and chest X-ray of a case with neurobrucellosis related to the consumption of unpasteurized camel milk. CT scan and chest X-ray showed no abnormalities
Clinical features and diagnosis
The patient has a history of Unpasteurized raw milk ingestion which most likely the mode of infection and the reason behind his symptoms. Neurobrucellosis is a rare complication of human brucellosis, which may present with only CNS symptoms. Nevertheless, the criteria of definitive diagnosis requires one of the following 4 points.
Abnormal neurological functioning that is unexplained
High lymphocyte and Protein count in CSF
Positive CSF culture for Brucella or Positive Brucella IgG titer
CSF- response to chemotherapy with a significant drop in the CSF lymphocyte count and protein concentration.
However, not all presentations are similar. In this case, the patient presented with high fever and headache as a chief complaint, and still fulfilled all the criteria to be diagnosed as Neurobrucellosis.
In a study that was done in Turkey, they found that the clinical presentations started with headache in 85% of the cases7. Many patients also do present with symptoms like blurred vision, loss of hearing, behavioral changes, agitations, muscular weakness, disorientation, changes in deep tendon reflexes and paresthesia as reported in some studies7. Abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves were affected more than other cranial nerves in neurobrucellosis7.
Another Case Reported in 2016 in India Showed a similar presentation of our case involving an insidious long standing fever for the duration of three months which was associated with progressive weakness of both lower limbs, which fulfilled the criteria and was diagnosed as Neurobrucellosis8. The most common neurological findings were PNS followed by meningitis, cranial nerve damage, and meningoencephalitis7.
The clinical indicators of human brucellosis remain variable and are not so specific. It may mimic non-infectious or an infectious disease. Clinical range varies from very mild fever to involvement of multisystem. Osteoarticular complication is the main problem associate with morbidity. Death due to brucellosis, though not common, could be attributed to endocarditis and central nervous system involvement9,10.
Brucellosis is diagnosed mainly based on clinical indicators and laboratory tests. In laboratory diagnosis, rapid serological tests are preferred over culture methods. In serology, tests such as, indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test, standard agglutination tube (SAT) test (primary test) & enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are employed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique due to its specificity and sensitivity is preferred for detection of Brucella spp9,10.
Different manifestations in MRI including periventricular hemorrhage, white matter change, and meningeal enhancement, tentorial enhancement on brain CT scan, basal and dural meningeal enhancement on brain MRI were recorded in the literature as well7-10.
In this case, the patient’s CT results were insignificant with no abnormalities and the patient’s Chest X-ray was insignificant with no abnormalities (Fig. 1).
Discussion related to treatment aspects
The goal of therapy in Brucella infection is control of symptoms as early as possible to prevent complications, and monitoring to prevent relapses. There is no unanimity for the choice of antibiotic, duration and dose of the management for neurobrucellosis. Double- or triple-combination treatment with doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampicin, streptomycin, or ceftriaxone for >2 months (3–6 months) has been recommended6.
Short-course steroid treatment has been found to be effective in reducing the lasting scarcities in those with optic neuritis, arachnoiditis and multiple-sclerosis-like presentation11. Sequela among survivors even with appropriate antibiotic treatment are well known. They are significant if the patient has diffuse CNS, spinal cord or encephalitis association compared to meningitis as a presentation. They have been reported as hearing loss, hemiparesis, aphasia and visual impairment. Though mortality is not very common6,12-14.
This patient was treated with ceftriaxone 2g twice a day, which is the drug of choice for CNS brucellosis. Alongside with doxycycline 100mg twice a day and rifampicin 600mg once a day, intravenously for 2 weeks. The patient recovered and was discharged on oral trisulfamethasone, rifampicin 600 and doxycycline 100 twice a day.
The mortality rates due to neurobrucellosis has been reported to vary between 0% – 27% depending on the severity of the symptoms and the immunocompetency of the patient. However, Sequelae were reported among survivors despite appropriate therapy in some studies15. In our Case, the patient was followed up and showed no sequelae or relapse.
In countries like UAE and neighboring countries, brucellosis has been a significant infection as per native surveillance data or innovative e-notification. Leisure connected activities and occupation poses enhanced exposure to brucellosis. UAE has been continuously working on implementing control measures to eradicate Brucella infection among the livestock. There has to be a more complete understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in humans and animals. These facts could contribute to strengthening the public health management of brucellosis. The hospital setups should consider the possibility of infected camel milk ingestion as the mode of infection in brucellosis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
FUNDING
None.
ETHICS STATEMENT
This study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee. A signed informed consent from patient was obtained for this study.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.
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