M Abdul Kareem, M.H. Tatagar, Krishna D. Kurubetta,
Dileepkumar Masuthi and Waseem. M.A.
Horticulture Research and Extension Station, Devihosur, Haveri – 581 110, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
A field study has been conducted at Horticulture Research and Extension Station, Devihosur on the management of fruit rot of chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici using 7 treatments in 3 replications following Randomized Block Design. Chlorothalonil @ 0.32% recorded significantly least PDI (12.67%) than all other treatments and it was found on par with Chlorothalonil @ 0.21% and Chlorothalonil @ 0.13% (13.23% and 13.28% PDI respectively). Yield was found maximum in Chlorothalonil @ 0.32% (10.97 q/ha) than all the treatments and it was found on par with Chlorothalonil @ 0.21% (10.03 q/ha) and Chlorothalonil @ 0.13% (9.40 q/ha). No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed at all stages of crop growth by the application of Chlorothalonil.
Keywords: Chilli, fruit rot, chlorothalonil, field evaluation.
INTRODUCTION
Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is an important crop grown worldwide for its use as spices and vegetables. It is an indispensable spice used as basic ingredient in a great variety of cuisines all over the world. Chilli belongs to Capsicum (2n=24) a new world genus belonging to Solanaceae family. It is an excellent source of vitamin C, A, B-complex and E. It contains seven times more vitamin C than orange.
India is the largest producer of chilli crop, grown over an area of 0.794 million hectares with an annual production of 0.13 million tonnes with the productivity of 1.5 tonnes/ha (Anonymous, 2014). The important states growing chilli are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Karnataka ranks second in area with 100.73 (‘000 ha) and production 107.00 (‘000 MT) of dry chilli after Andhra Pradesh (Anonymous, 2014). In Karnataka, northern Karnataka is an important chilli growing area and it is highly concentrated in the districts like Dharwad, Haveri, Koppal, Ballari, Raichur, Kalaburagi and Belagavi.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research and Extension Station, Devihosur, Haveri to study the efficacy and phytotoxicity of chlorothalonil 75% WP against fruit rot of chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici. It was conducted in randomized block design with three replications under field conditions during kharif 2014-15. Seedlings of Chilli cv. Byadgi Dabbi were planted in the plot (4.8 m x 3.6 m) with a spacing of 0.6 m x 0.6 m. First spray was given immediately after a first symptom of disease was observed. Remaining two sprays were given at 15 days interval. Control was maintained with no fungicidal spray. The severity of the disease was measured using 0-9 disease rating scale given by Mayee and Datar (1986).
Grade |
Per cent Infection |
0 |
0% |
1 |
1-10% |
3 |
11-25% |
5 |
26-50% |
7 |
51-75% |
9 |
>75% |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of Chlorothalonil 75 % WP on Fruit rot and yield of chilli for the year 2014-15 are presented in Table 1 and 2 respectively.
Bioefficacy of Chlorothalonil 75 % WP against Fruit rot of chilli
The treatments differed significantly with respect to the severity of fruit rot in chilli. The severity of fruit rot was significantly least in Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.32 % (12.67 PDI) and it was on par with Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.21 % and Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.13 % (13.23 and 13.28 PDI respectively). The next best treatment was Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.10 % (14.83 PDI) and it was on par with Kavach 75 % WP @ 0.10 % (15.33 PDI). The untreated control (26.42 PDI) recorded significantly highest percent disease index of the fruit rot (Table 1).
Table: 1. Effect of Difenconazole 25% EC on die back, fruit rot and powdery mildew diseases of chilli.
| Sl.
No. |
Treatments | Formulation
Dosage |
Die Back
(PDI) |
Fruit rot
(PDI) |
Powdery
mildew (PDI) |
| 1 | Difenconazloe 25% EC | 0.025% | 12.58
(24.61) * |
56.98
(49.01) * |
40.33
(28.01) * |
| 2 | Difenconazloe 25% EC | 0.05% | 7.4
(19.45) * |
28.29
(32.13) * |
28.62
(24.41) * |
| 3 | Difenconazloe 25% EC | 0.07% | 6.66
(18.35) * |
25.90
(30.59) * |
26.88
(24.03) * |
| 4 | Difenconazloe 25% EC | 0.1% | 5.92
(18.35) * |
24.33
(29.56) * |
26.64
(24.03) * |
| 5 | SCORE 25 EC
(Difenconazloe 25% EC) |
0.05% | 10.36
(23.41) * |
34.78
(36.14) * |
36.10
(27.37) * |
| 6 | Carbendazim 50% WP | 0.1% | 12.58
(25.66) * |
59.31
(50.37) * |
43.33
(29.28) * |
| 7 | Control | – | 30.34
(28.14) * |
68.27
(55.72) * |
57.33
(29.95) * |
| CD at 5 % | – | 8.53 | 2.63 | 7.45 | |
* Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values
Yield
The treatments differed significantly with respect to yield of dry chilli. Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.32 % (10.97 q/ha) recorded significantly highest yield than all the treatments and was on par with Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.21 % and Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.13 % (10.03 and 9.40 q/ha respectively). Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.10 % (9.33 q/ha) and Kavach 75 % WP @ 0.10 % (9.03 q/ha) were next in order. The untreated control (6.17 q/ha) recorded significantly least yield (Table 2).
Table: 2. Effect of Difenconazole 25% EC on yield of dry chilli.
| Sl. No. | Treatments | Dry yield (q/ha) | ||
| Yield
(q/ha) |
Percent increase in yield over control
(%) |
Percent increase in yield over Standard Check
(Score 25 EC) (%) |
||
| 1 | Difenconazloe 25% EC @ 0.025% | 6.06 | 51.50 | – |
| 2 | Difenconazloe 25% EC @ 0.05% | 7.02 | 75.50 | 4.9 |
| 3 | Difenconazloe 25% EC @ 0.07% | 7.27 | 81.75 | 8.6 |
| 4 | Difenconazloe 25% EC @ 0.1% | 7.35 | 83.75 | 9.8 |
| 5 | SCORE
(Difenconazloe 25% EC) @ 0.05% |
6.69 | 67.25 | – |
| 6 | Carbendazim 50% WP @ 0.1% | 5.17 | 29.25 | – |
| 7 | Control | 4.00 | – | – |
| CD at 5 % | 0.38 | |||
Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.32 % recorded an increased yield of 77.79 % over control as well as 21.48 % over standard check (Kavach 75 % WP) and was on par with Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.21 % (62.56 % & 11.07 %) and Chlorothalonil 75 % WP @ 0.13 % (52.34 % & 4.09 %). Bal et al., 2013 reported that chlorothalonil 75% WP @ 0.15 per cent concentration was found effective in reducing both die-back and fruit rot of chilli which was at par with mancozeb 75% WP. The highest yield of 110.79 q/ha was harvested from mancozeb 75% WP sprayed plots which was closely followed by chlorothalonil 75% WP (109.79 q/ha) as against 95.94 q/ha production from control plots.
Phytotoxicity
No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed at all stages of the crop growth by application of the test chemical Chlorothalonil 75 % WP of any concentration at 0, 3, 7 and 10 days after each application.
REFERENCES
- Anonymous., Directorate of economics and statistics, 2014, New Delhi.
- Mayee, C. D. and Datar V. V., 1986, Phytopathometry Technical Bulletin-l (Special Bulletin-3). Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani.
- Bal, S. S, Mishra, M. K. and Behera, B., Field efficacy of fungicides against dieback and fruit rot of chilli. Journal of Plant Protection and Environment, 2013; 10(2): 46-48.