ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Detection of Colony Adhesion Factors and Genetic Background of Adhesion Genes Among Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated in Iraq

Munim Radwan Ali1 and Anfal Mohammed Khudhair2

1Al-Musatnsirihyah University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Baghdad, Iraq.
2Al-Iraqia University, College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq.
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2018;12(4):2017-2025 | Article Number: 5303
http://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.12.4.38 | © The Author(s). 2018
Received: 03/10/2018 | Accepted: 20/11/2018 | Published: 30/12/2018
Abstract

Escherichia coli remain significant problem caused urinary tract infection; Results indicated a higher urinary tract infection in women compared with men across all age groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed that majority of uropathogenic isolated E. coli belong to phylogroup B2 followed by D. The isolates showed the existence of the first type of fimbriae, maximum P fimbriae positive isolates 74/94 (80.43%) were widely correlating with common UTI. colony adhesion factor (CAFÐ) represented in 40 (43.47%) and 5 (5.43%) colony adhesion factor (CAFØ). Six major clusters (A-F) were identified depending on antibiograms typing. B2 is the most phylogenetic type showed wide range of resistant from 1 to 12 resistant to antibiotic of remaining strains. 14 isolates (15.21%) were detected as ESâLs producers and 30 isolates (32.60%) of them were AmpC b-lactamases producers. prevalence of virulent genes occurred in 51 papC (55.43%), 66 fim H (71.73%)  and SfaDE detected in low occurrence 21(22.82). These results emphasize the low or moderate resistant to antibiotics focused in isolates with high genetic content .These results indicated that the greater the resistance to antibiotics the less the genetic expression of the virulence factors, this confirms the reverse relationship. The genes required for uropathogenicity in a single isolate may not reflect virulence in another isolate. Pathogenicity is a multi-factor characteristic, the result of adhesion-related genes which interact in separate set in various genetic backgrounds.

Keywords

UTI ,E. coli , Phylogenetic analysis, adhesion factor, virulent genes

Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections associated with much morbidity and health care cost1. Escherichia coli strains capable of causing disease outside the gastrointestinal tract belong to a diverse group of isolates referred to as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)2. UPEC mediated several virulence factors, which help bacteria to colonize the urinary tract and begin infections3. Fimbriae are categorized serologically by their hemagglutination pattern and receptor specificities as mannose sensitive (MSHA) or mannose resistance hemagglutination (MRHA) 4. Despite the vast subclass of adhesins that have been reported in UPEC, Type I (MSHA) and P (MRHA) are the widespread fimbriae in UPEC strains. They play a remarkable role in binding and invasion of the bladder and kidney5. In E. coli pathogenicity associated island (PAI) many virulence gene were expressed . The important ones are the ‘adhesions, which help to break the inertia of urinary bladder mucus and help to attach to them 6. Type I pili, are mediated and expressed by a fim gene cluster in the most of UPEC strains 7. pap genes coded P pili (pyelonephritis-associated pili, PAP), which have essential role in upper UTIs 8 and S fimbrial adhesion (sfa) 9. UTI multi-drug resistant E. coli has gradually increased. essentialy as a result of the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing isolates 10. The decreased expression in virulence mediated genes and invasive capacity associated with MDR strains 11. Many predispose disease are associated with many factors lead to genetic background 12. There is real proof that the connection among virulence ability of E. coli, phylogenetic background, and resistance to antibiotics are incident, resulting from their diverse mutual 13.

The distribution pattern of adhesion virulence factor encoding fim H, SfaDE and pap C genes in the multidrug resistance UPEC isolates are as yet indistinct in different parts of Iraq. So, this study is aimed to determine the coordination between the genetic backgrounds, coexist, correlation of phenotypic and genotypic adhesive virulence factors and antibiotic resistance profile among the UPEC.

Materials and Methods

Study Population
Urine samples from 450 cases (both male and female of age 15-70 years) of UTI were collected during Jan 2012 to June 2012, for isolation of E. coli. Patients on antibiotic therapy were excluded from the study.

Collection of Urine Samples
Early morning midstream urine samples were collected using a sterile plastic container with screw cap tops with name, age, sex, time of collection 14.

Isolation and identification of E. coli
All urine samples were cultured and incubated overnight at 37°C on blood agar and MacConckey agar; further incubation for 24 hours were done if the remained negative. A positive specimen yields colonies (³105 cfu/ml) and the microscopic detection of bacteriuria when PMNs (³8 leukocytes/mm3). No mixed infections were encountered 15. further identification of isolates were done by specific biochemical tests, and API 20E test system (Bio- Merieux) considered confirmatory test 16.

Antibacterial Agents Susceptibility
Antibacterial susceptibility of E. coli was tested on Mueller-Hinton agar by the disk diffusion method according to 17. The antibiotic discs used in this study were Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30mg; 20:10), Amoxicillin (30mg), Cefoxitin (30mg), Cefotaxime (30mg), Cefotazidime, (30mg), ciprofloxacin (5mg), Cefepime (30mg), Imipenem (10mg), Levofloxacin (5mg), Kanamycin (30mg).

ESBL and AmpC screening
Production of ESBL was detected by double disc synergy test according to CLSI guidelines 17. For AmpC screening done according to 18.

Detection of colony adhesion factors (CAF)
Three types of colony adhesion factors I,II and III were detected  according to 19.

Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells, screening
The adherence ability of the E. coli isolates to uroepithelial cells was assayed as described by 20.

Preparation of bacterial DNA
Template DNA was prepared by boiling method that described by 21.

Phylogenetic groups procedure
Phylogenetic groups were defined as described by 22.

PCR amplification of virulence factor genes procedure
Detection of papC (type P pili) gene was performed by PCR. The primer sequences were reported by 23 and obtained from an Alpha DNA company (USA). The program ,for  papC gene the reactions condition included an initial denaturation at 94°C for 1 min consisted of 30 cycles of 94°C for one min, specific annealing temperature 63°C for 30 seconds, and a final extension at 72°C for 90 seconds. For fim H and SfaDE, the primers sequences were previously reported by(24).The initial denaturation of reactions mixtures at 94°C for 5 min followed with 30 cycles of 94°C for one min, specific annealing temperature 58°C ( fim H) and 63°C (SfaDE)  for one min and  68°C for three min, and a final extension at 72°C for 7 min.The detection of PCR products was performed on 1.5 % agarose gels by electrophoresis and visualized under UV light.

RESULTS

A total number of 450 Urine samples, from which 148 (32.88%) were found to contain heavy and appreciable bacterial growth (significant bacteriuria) while 302 (67.11%) had no appreciable bacterial growth. Their ages ranging from 15 to 70 years , 392 females and 58 males. The majority of Escherichia coli in UTI cases, 67 cases, were predisposed by adult women married. 25 cases of girls unmarried and 11 cases of children 15 year for both sex. The laboratory criterion for acute E. coli UTI was the presence of a positive culture response with at least 105 CFU of E. coli per ml of clean-voided urine. Table 1.

Table (1):
Data of Escherichia coli UTI patients.

Variable Data
Age of patients 15-70 years
Gender of patients  

392:58
Female : male
Adult pregnant women UTI
Adult women UTI
Girls UTI
Men  UTI
Children UTI		 208 cases
92 cases
81cases
58cases
11cases

Analysis of Phylogenetic group’s demonstrated that E. coli isolates presented into four phylogenetic groups: groups A, B1, B2, and D. The distribution of phylogroup B2 (57 isolates) was at high percentage as compared with phylogroup D (16 isolates), while B1and A groups distributed as (10, 9 isolates) respectively.

In the present study, 80.43% of the UTI isolates revelation the existence of type 1 fimbriae (MSHA). While only 43.47% of UTI E.coli isolates have P fimbriae (MRHA). Simple UTI and cystitis showed highly expression of type 1 fimbriae. detection of colony adhesion factor (CAFÐ) represented in 40 (43.47%) uropathogenic E. coli, while only 5 (5.43%)isolates were positive for colony adhesion factor (CAFIII) .

Adherence of E. coli isolates to uroepithelial cells were showed in all isolates 100%. Although, all isolates considered uropathogenic according to number of bacteria/cells, Table 2.

Table (2):
The adhesion factor and Percentage of colony adhesion factors pattern of E. coli clinical isolates.

Isolates Adhesion factor
Adherence to uroepithelial cells CAFI CAFII CAFШ
Number of  adhesion 92 74 40 5
Percentage
%( N 92)		 100 80.43 43.47 5.43

The dendrogram of the antibiogram profiles created by UPGMA showed the presence of high similarity in banding patterns of isolates among every group which was about 23% – 95%. All 92 local isolates under study design and distributed to Six major clusters (A-F) were identified with a small dissimilarity between clusters depending on the type of multidrug resistance, in order to facilitate the distribution process. Table 3.

Table (3):
Distribution of E. coli phylogenetic group according to antibiogram profiles dendrogram analysis.

Groups Name of  isolates Number of antibiotics
which resisted
by isolates		 Phylogenetic
group
Group A E70 1 B2
Group B B1 E63 E66 E72 1-2 2-B2; 1-D
B2 E79 4 B1
C1 10-12 3-A ; 6-D;2-B1;16-B2
E9 E48 E52 E17 E24 E30
E34 E32 E36 E42 E43 E44
E49 E2 E75 E4  E6 E15 E1
E3 E21 E64 E67 E14 E41
E69 E89
Group C
C2 E71 E73 E18 E84 E19 8-9 2-A; 3-B2
D1 E37 E38 E39 E54E16 E60 5-6 2-A ; 2-D;1-B1; 6-B2
Group D E80 E26 E37 E91 E92
D2 E31 E81 E82 E87E90 E83 4-6 1-D; 2-B1; 6-B2
E45 E85 E86
D3 E11 E27 E65 E10E56 E68 5-6 1-A ; 3-D; 4-B2
 E74 E88
D4 E13 E33 E50 E58E47 E22 6-7 1-D;1-B1;7-B2
 E35 E76 E40
Group E E1 E7 2 B2
E2 E8 E12 E28 E29E51 E53 E55 3 1-A ; 2-D;3-B1;3-
 E57 E61 B2
E3 E23 E62 4-5 2-B2
E4 E25 E46 E59 2-3 3-B2
Group K E20 E77 E78 6 3-B2

 

Phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, and D, which showed different patteren in susceptibility to antibiotics. Multidrug resistance showed in all isolates. B2 is the most phylogenetic type showed wide range of resistant from 1 to 12 resistant to antibiotic of remaining strains.

In the present study, Out of 92 of E. coli, 14 isolates (15.21%) were detected as ESbLs producers and 30 isolates (32.60%) of them were AmpC b-lactamases producers by phenotypic method ESBL positive isolates were more resistant to all tested antibiotics except for imipenem compared to the non-ESBL isolates.

The local uropathogenic E. coli isolates distributed to three clusters depending on the type of Quinolones and Fluroquinolones resistance. The highest rate of multidrug resistance was observed with GroupC 26 (31.52%) isolates, in which this isolate was able to resist all Quinolones and Fluroquinolones antimicrobial agents.as well as Group B distinguished in 11(11.96%) isolates. While the lowest Quinolones and Fluroquinolones resistance was notice with Group A 55(59.78%) isolates in which sensitive for all these antimicrobial agents.

Isolates with multidrug resistance antibiotics was found it to be related with colony adhesion factor, 16 (17.39%) isolates have first colony adhesion factor (CAFl) resisted 5-6 antibiotics represented high rate of isolates harboring CAFI, while resistant to 12 antibiotics appear only in 3 isolates .Percentage %1.08 of isolates which resisted 12 antibiotics and have only one isolate have second colony adhesion factor (CAFII ), while there was a clear rule in the production of moderate resistance 5-6 antibiotics pattern in 13 isolates with high percentage value 14.13% between CAFII isolates. In the same manner isolates have third colony adhesion factor (CAFIII), resist 5-6 antibiotics were predominant in percentage 22.8%. Table 4.

Table (4):
The percentage of correlation between colony adhesion factors and multidrug resistance pattern of all E. coli isolates.

2-1 4-3 5-6 7 9 9 10 11 12 N R CAF l
2 7 16 6 12 5 8 15 3 NMDR
2.17 7.60 17.39 6.52 13.04 5.43 8.69 16.30 3.26 %
2-1 4-3 5-6 7 9 9 10 11 12 N R CAFΠ
1 6 13 1 9 3 1 5 1 NMDR
1.08 6.52 14.13 1.08 9.78 3.26 1.08 5.43 1.08 %
2-1 4-3 5-6 7 9 9 10 11 12 N R CAFIΠ
4 7 21 6 10 2 5 8 2 NMDR
4.34 7.60 22.82 6.52 10.86 2.17 5.43 8.69 2.17 %
Number of antibiotics which resisted by isolates N R
Numbers of the multidrug resistance isolates and continue  CAF NMDR
Percentage of %  N92 CAF %

Collection of 92 uropathogenic E. coli isolates were screen for selectable adhesion virulence factor encoding fim H , SfaDE and pap C genes . Results showed that the prevalence of virulent genes occurred in 51 papC (55.43%), 66 fim H (71.73%)  and SfaDE it can detected in low occurrence 21(22.82) isolate of  E.coli , FimH gene was the common occurrence virulence factor detected. Fiften isolate gave negative results for all adhesive virulence genes. Distributed based on the appearance of genes in in each isolate, all studied uropathogenic E. coli possess 8 patterns of virulence gene , indicate to as EG (Table 5).The pattern EG6 characterized by fim H was one of the most common patterns that had only one gene spread and was observed in 23 isolates. Among the isolates that owned fim H and  papC gene, from where 39.39% % of isolates that was fim positive, represented by 26 isolates and which was predominate pattern (EG2).

Table (5):
Pattern of Adhesive virulance gene in E. coli.

Pattern Adhesive virulence gene
pap C Fim H sfaBC III No. of isolates
EG1 + + + 14
EG2 + + – 26
EG3 + – + 4
EG4 + – – 7
EG5 – + + 3
EG6 – + – 23
EG7 – – + 0
EG8 – – – 15
Total 51 66 21
DISCUSSION

The study indicates that a higher ratio of UTI in females 392 than in males 58. In this regard 25 noted the incidence of UTI is higher in women compared with men across all age groups. It came in agreement with 26 which showed the majority of Escherichia coli in UTI cases in 92 females than in males 47 cases only.

The result of current study on the line with study by 27 that showed high parentage of UTI of pregnant woman, is due to physiological changes . While didn’t agree with study in Iraq by 28 that reported was only 3.44% of pregnant woman infected UTI for age between 21-25 years. More than 85% of UTIs caused by E. coli, according to 29.

Prevalence of phylogenetic group B2 followed by D among others, represented that the virulence isolates most of time indicated UTI. Many studies state that E. coli strains causing UTI mostly belong to phylogroups B2 and D rather than B1 and D 30.

From the study result, the absence of fimbriae or other surface adhesion systems effect on bacterial adhesion. Irreversible attachment happened by Fimbriae to the uroepithelial cell membrane. While recently reported, 74 isolates (80.43%) were able to express type 1fimbriae and another strains expressed type P but not type 1 fimbriae. Current study relatively agree with 26 that show (89%) of E. coli expression of P fimbriae. While it decreased to 17(63%) UTI isolates of E. coli expression of P fimbriae in Iraqi study by 32.

In the study observation, most P fimbriae positive isolates were so associated with simple UTI. in the same manner 33 showed there is no relation between the incident or symptoms severity and the site of infection and expression of fimbria in E. coli isolates from urine.

However (34)  studies reported type 3 fimbriae expression mediated by conjugative plasmid in  E. coli  in .The results identified colony adhesion factor (CAFIII)  rare in uropathogenic E. coli agree with the showed low rate of  CAFIII  in uropathogenic E. coli 3.2% .

The present study indicated the relation between site of infection (lower urinary tract infections) and expression of P fimbriae. It should be noted that many of the isolates under the study have become intrusive in the possession of adhesion factors and this may indicate that adhesion is a necessary and essential step to start the infection, especially in urinary tract infections35. Reported the number of bacteria adherent to uroepithelial cells used to differentiate between uropathogenic and fecal strains.

Dendrogram indicates division isolates depending on the number of antibiotics which resisted. Only 1 isolate were placed in clusters A. Cluster D contained the majority of the isolates. In this cluster some isolates were a located in groups of higher or lower similarity and most strains were discriminated. The isolate no. 70 showed low percentage of similarity in the dendrogram which was only 23%. This low percentage of similarity , probably as a result of the variation of the isolates source (patient’s gender and age group). The cluster A contains only one isolate distinguished by being sensitive to all antibiotic and only resist to Gentamycin , in the other hand showed possession positive band in virulence gene detection only for fim H ,while showed positive result in phenotype detection for adherence to uropathogenic cells and for CAFI and CAFII. The cluster B at a linkage distance of 54 units can be grouped into 2 sub clusters B1 and B2. All 4 isolates in these groups are isolated from pregnant women and distinguish by sensitivity to all Fluroquinolones drugs, whereas variable in the virulence recipes. The cluster C consisted of only 26 isolates which differed from other cluster by having high resistance to 10-12 antibiotics. The cluster D which is the bigger one from other cluster can be grouped into 5 sub clusters. All the isolates in this cluster have moderate multi drug resistance.  The cluster E consisted of only 16 isolates which having low resistance to 2-5 antibiotics. The cluster F consisted of three isolates

The results of the study showed that there is a correlation between the nature of resistance to antibiotics and the ability of bacteria to produce the virulence factors in uropathogenic E. coli. Actually, when study assessment the antibiograms of E. coli strains having virulence factor.

The antibiotic resistance rates generally increased over time and the last set of isolates collected were more resistant to antibiotics, as noted in a group of b-lactam antibiotics such as Amoxicillin and a group of Quinolones antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin the isolates collected were more resistant reach to 100% and 38% respectively. A high concern to the limited treatment options of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates between ESBL producing E. coli 36.

Non-detection of certain phylogenetic group that it is resistance to antibiotics in this study , but the important noticed that phylogenetic group B2 were normally distribution in all antibiotic resistance pattern , it may indicated Phytogenic and multidrug resistance types remained largely unchanged within patients in this study.

ESBL harboring E. coli isolates have been found to be resistant to other antibiotics, especially, Fluroquinolones. Resistance to ciprofloxacin has also been observed in ESBL producing E. coli compared to non-ESBL isolates 37. Many reason for this coexistence of resistance to b-lactam and Quinolones, one possible explanation suggested by 38 is that the bacteria are able to acquire the ability to produce ESBLs can be selected by intensive Quinolones use. Moreover, the presence of Quinolones resistance on plasmids is concerning. Carrying both ESBLs enzymes and Quinolones resistance genes no such plasmid could speed the development and speared of multidrug resistance phenotype 39.

Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid resistance was observed among quinolones group associated with ESBL producer isolates. ESBL and quinolone resistance genes are usually carried on mobile genetic elements 40.

The results indicated that when the resistance to antimicrobial agent rate is relatively low, there is an increase in productivity of adhesion factors gradually. And clearly the theory of genetic background, that there is an inverse relationship between resistance to antibiotics and the efficacy of isolates for virulence factors, which was evident in this study. Some research replied that ability of resistance may be coordinate with the virulence factors loss in E. coli isolates 41. While 42 who observing association between highly virulent   and multiresistant E. coli isolates . Finally 26 find a relationship between UPEC reduced virulence and multidrug resistance.

To indicate theory of genetic background and relationship between resistance to antibiotics and the efficacy of isolates for virulence factors, some selectable adhesion genes was studded to determine the correctness of the theory obtained from the results of phenotypic characteristics out of the adhesion virulence genes, fim H was the most spread gene and was positive in 66 (71.73%) isolates, followed by papC gene was present in 5 isolates among total 92 isolates. this results agree with 43 whom found that fim gene was the most widespread detected in 95% of the E. coli uropathogenic isolates. Next, pap gene was identified in 57% isolates .This result is not in line with the result of Firoozeh et al. (2014) in which they reported pap was the most spread gene and was identified in 25 (16.7%) isolates. In another study conducted by 26 they found that papC gene which was predominant followed by Fim H. The other isolates exhibited distinct diversity of gene patterns. From total of 92 local isolates 14 isolates (15.21%) own three different adhesive studied genes. afa gene were negative in isolates, indicating afa alone is infrequent between uropathogenic isolates. This result was in agreement with the study of 44 which recorded that afa gene not found in there strain. The results indicated that afa sequence is may be related with horizontal gene transfer, this agreement to 45 the referred to the afa gene clusters encode a fimbrial adhesions (Afas) that are expressed by uropathogenic and diarrhea-associated E. coli strains .But the low appearance of afa sequence gene is depending on acquired the gene by horizontal transmission 46.

Declarations

Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to thank AL-Mustansiriyah University (http://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/) Baghdad, Iraq for its support inthe present work.

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