ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
, Nishanthini P.1, Raji P.1, Sree Samanvitha K.2 , Ponnaiah Paulraj3, Iyappan P.3, Chandramohan M.3, and Antony V. Samrot3 Besides being an essential source of nutrients, the bioactive components of some fruits also help in enhancing the physiological functions by expressing its therapeutic action, acting as radical scavenger, improving digestion and healing. Here, seven edible fruits juices of Punica granatum, Citrus reticulata, Anana scomosus, Ficus carica, Vitis vinifera, Vitis amurensis and Carica papaya were utilized against biofilm forming Gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa to evaluate its effect on Quorum sensing. On proving its antibacterial activity and anti-swarming motility in our earlier report, this work is extended to determine the biofilm inhibitory action of these fruit juices due to the impact on AHL (Acyl Homoserine lactone), the signaling molecule responsible for developing cell-cell communication and also on AHL mediated metabolites production. The fruit juices were evaluated for their Antioxidant activity on subjecting to TLC bioautography, DPPH and FRAP assay. AHL, Pyocyanin and Rhamnolipid were extracted from fruit juices treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the influence of fruit juice was identified by FT-IR and LC-MS analysis. However, AHL production was not stopped by fruit juice molecules but showed least production level in Punica granatum treated P.aeruginosa. Whereas the production of pyocyanin pigment was disturbed in Punica granatum, Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera treated culture. The production of a biosurfactant called Rhamnolipid (Rha 10) was a failure in Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis, Vitis vinifera and Ficus carica treated P.aeruginosa. Thus the organism was restrained by the fruit juice molecules from expressing its virulence factors in spite of having no impact on AHL synthesis.
Quorum sensing, biofilm, AHL, virulence factors, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits its pathogenicity by the formation of a biofilm with the association of different communities on the host surface. Biofilm formation is an ubiquitous behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa where the free-floating planktonic cells gets attached to the biotic or abiotic substratum with the help of extracellular appendages via flagella, type IV pili and cup fimbriae for adhesion and multiplies into a microcolony within a slimy secretion called as Extracellular matrix (ECM)1. The chronicity of disease by P. aeruginosa is fully accomplished on biofilm formation which brings out characteristic phenotypic and genotypic traits in the microbial community such as resistance to environmental challenges, antibiotic infiltration, and against the host immune system2.
The biofilm formation is facilitated by an intercellular signaling mechanism called quorum sensing (QS), carried out with the reception of signaling molecule called Acyl homoserine Lactone (AHL)3. QS is responsible for regulation of several bacterial behaviors like virulence factor expression (elastase, rhamnolipids, phospholipase C, lecithinase, hemolysins), pigment production and motility4. The signaling mechanism is carried out by two systems, las and rhl5. The las system comprises of signal synthase LasI, to produces N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) and LasR as the signal receptor to bind as cognate signal and thereby activates transcription of target genes6. The second QS system, the rhl generates N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) through the signal, synthase RhlI and the signal receptor RhlR, which stimulate the gene expression on complexing with C4-HSL7. With multiple drugs on trial and development, researchers have explicated and highlighted many plant-based products to possess anti-biofilm property by inhibiting the QS, capping the signaling molecules, suppression of ECM secretion, physiological gene mutation of virulence factors and sensitivity in adhesion onto surfaces8.
The prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as biofilm is reported to be controlled by various dietary foods and food products, creating a new scope for effective drug formulation. Being a natural source of drugs, they could possibly overrule synthetic drugs and their harmful side effects. The in-vivo experimentation using garlic extracts on mouse UTI model show casted the limiting production of virulence factor and QS signal molecules and a potent anti-QS agent namely N-(heptylsulfanylacetyl)-l-homoserine lactone was identified from garlic on further screenings9. Chang et al.10 confirmed that tannic acid, salicylic acid and trans-cinnamaldehyde represented as strong AHL inhibitor by disrupting Rhl QS system mediated pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa10. He also suggested that trans-cinnamaldehyde caused structural modifications to LasI and EsaI by targeting AHL synthase thus acting as non-antibiotic quorum sensing inhibitors. Chong et al.11 reported the anti-QS effect of four Chinese medicinal plants, Angelica dahurica, Rhizoma cibotii, Poria cum, Radix pini and Schizonepeta tenuifolia, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by affecting their swarming motility and pyocyanin production11. The extracts from an edible seed commonly called fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) was found to reduce the AHL production and thereby hinder the biofilm formation by the down regulation of lasB gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO112. Likewise, this work deals with concentrated fruit juices of edible choices to identify their anti-QS property.
Upon stating the antibacterial and biofilm inhibition property of the fruit juices from Punica granatum (Pomegranate), Carica papaya (Papaya), Citrus reticulata (Orange), Ananas comosus (Pineapple), Vitis vinifera (Green grape), Ficus carica (Fig) and Vitis amurensis (Black grape) on P.aeruginosa SU18 in our earlier report, the study is pursued to check its effect on the secretory molecules of the organism such as AHL, pyocyanin and Rhamnolipid. These extracted components were subjected to FT-IR and LC-MS to analyse the effect on the quality and potency of these secretory molecules.
Preparation of Fruit Juices
The concentrated fruit juices of Punica granatum, Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis, Vitis vinifera, Carica papaya, Ananas comosus and Ficus carica were prepared following the prior report13.
Antioxidant Activity by Assays
Qualitative Antioxidant Activity on Thin Layer Chromatography
DPPH spray technique was followed as a preliminary screening for antioxidant activity. The TLC plates were developed for the fruit juices under the solvent system as mentioned previously (Samrot et al., 2018). The developed plates were sprayed with DPPH (0.04% w/v in 95% methanol) to qualitatively detect the antioxidant property possessed by the components of the fruit juices14.
Quantitative Antioxidant Assays
DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
The free radical scavenging activity for the concentrated fruit juices were experimented by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay following Rahman et al.15 against ascorbic acid as the standard. Briefly, different volumes of concentrated fruit juices such as 50 µl, 100 µl, 150 µl, 200 µl and 250 µl were made up to 1 ml with methanol and added with 1 ml of DPPH solution (0.004% w/v in methanol). The reaction mixture was incubated in dark for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was read at 517nm using spectrophotometer. 1 ml methanol in 1ml of DPPH solution was used as blank material. The anti-radical activity of the fruit juices were calculated in % from the following formula
% Radical Scavenging Activity =
[(Abcontrol – Absample)/ Abcontrol] x 100
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
The reducing nature of the fruit juice was determined by FRAP assay16,17. Having ascorbic acid as standard, the concentrated fresh fruit juices were used in different volumes ranging 50 µl, 100 µl, 150 µl, 200 µl, 250 µl and made up to 1ml with methanol. To this, 2.5 ml of phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml of 1% potassium ferricyanide was added. The mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20 min. This mixture was treated with 2.5 ml of 10 % trichloroacetic acid to stop the reaction, which was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The upper layer of solution (2.5 ml) was mixed with distilled water (2.5 ml) followed by addition of 0.5 ml of 0.1 % FeCl3. The absorbance for the above reaction mixture was measured at 700nm against a blank.
Culturing Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Concentrated Fresh Fruit Juices
The uropathogen used in our previous report, Pseudomonas aeruginosa SU18 with the accession number – MH134589 was maintained and utilized for performing the AHL impact study. Sterile nutrient broth was added with 5% freshly prepared concentrated fruit juices of Punica granatum, Citrus reticulata, Ficus carica, Vitis vinifera, Vitis amurensis, Carica papaya and Ananas comosus. Each of the fruit juice sample in nutrient broth were seeded with 12 ml of overnight old culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa aseptically and incubated at 370C for 48 h. As already discussed, AHL plays major role in biofilm formation as well as responsible for the virulence factors like pyocyanin and rhamnolipid. After incubation period, the culture was subjected for isolation and purification of AHL, pyocyanin and rhamnolipid to study the impact caused by the fruit extracts to AHL as well as on AHL induced pyocyanin and rhamnolipid.
Extraction of Acyl Homoserine Lactone (AHL)
After 48h incubation as stated before, the cell free broth was added to twice the volume of ethyl acetate acidified by 0.5% acetic acid for three times. The solvent phase was separated using separating funnel and was evaporated to dryness. Thus obtained evaporated cum residua were brought into suspension by adding 1 ml of Acetonitrile (ACN). Thus extracted samples primarily consist of AHL and were stored in deep freeze at -20 °C 18.
Extraction of Pyocyanin
Nutrient broth with fruit juice and organism was centrifuged at 10,000rpm. The cell free broth was further processed in accordance with Essar et al.,19. 12 ml of chloroform was added to 20ml of supernatant and vortexed. The sample was spun at 10,000rpm for 10 min resulting in two phases in which chloroform along with pyocyanin sinks to the bottom. Solvent phase was mixed with 0.2N HCL till the color changed from blue-green to pink. The solvent phase was centrifuged again at 10,000rpm for 2 min. The resulting pink layer consists of the Pyocyanin pigment.
Extraction of Rhamnolipid
Minimal Medium with following composition g/l: NH4NO3 (2g), KH2PO4 (3g), Na2HPO4 (6g), NaCl (5g), MgSO4 (1g) and 2% of olive oil as carbon source was prepared. The pH of the media was adjusted to 7.0 and sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. 5% concentrated fresh fruit juice was added to 100 ml of sterile minimal media followed by addition of 12 ml of 24 h nutrient broth culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.After incubation period of 24 h, the media was centrifuged at 9000 rpm for 15 min to remove the bacterial cells. The pH of the supernatant was adjusted to 2.0 by 1N Hydrocholoric acid (HCL) to precipitate the Rhamnolipid20. The acidified supernatant was centrifuged at 9000 rpm for 20 min to pelletize the precipitate. The harvested precipitate was extracted three times with ethyl acetate at room temperature. The ethyl acetate layer was separated using separating funnel21. Rhamnolipid was obtained as residue by letting the ethyl acetate evaporate in Fume-hood.
Characterization of Quorum Sensing Molecules
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
The functional groups and chemical bonds present in the extracted samples can be assessed by performing FTIR spectroscopy, which helps in structural elucidation and identification of the sample. The IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IR affinity-1 FTIR- spectrometer (Japan) in the 4000-500 cm-1 spectral regions at a resolution of 1 cm-1 with % Transmittance as y-axis.
Liquid Chromatography Mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
LC-MS analysis for the extracted AHL, Pyocyanin and Rhamnolipid were performed by using Agilent 6400 Series Triple Quadrapole. The samples were eluted with an isocratic mobile phase of Acetonitrile: 5mM Ammonium formate (70:30).
Antioxidant Activity Assays
TLC Bioautography for Antioxidant Activity
As an evidence for antioxidant activity, the discoloration of sprayed DPPH from purple to yellow with florescence was observed in all developed TLC plates22. Thus, confirming the presence of DPPH reactive molecules in the concentrated fresh fruit juices of Punica granatum, Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis, Carica papaya, Vitis vinifera, Ananas comosus and Ficus carica as visualized in Fig. 1. Citrus reticulata with Rf at 0.20 and 0.76, Punica granatum with 0.43, Vitis vinifera at 0.08, Ananas comosus at 0.45 and Ficus carica at 0.33 showed antioxidant activity.
Fig. 1. TLC bioautography for antioxidant activity(a) Punica granatum, (b) Citrus reticulata, (c) Vitis amurensis, (d) Carica papaya, (e) Vitis vinifera,(f) Ananas comosus, (g) Ficus carica
DPPH Assay
DPPH assay was performed by taking different volumes of each concentrated fresh fruit juices where ascorbic acid was used as standard and the absorbance was measured at 517nm. Ficus carica was found to show high antioxidant activity followed up by Carica papaya, Vitis vinifera, Citrus reticulata, Punica granatum, Vitis amurensis, Ananas comosus. The anti-radical activity augmented with increase in volumes of fresh fruit juices used. The graph was plotted with volumes of fresh fruit juices on X axis and their % radical scavenged on Y axis (Fig. 2). Carica papaya and Ficus carica showed 50% of anti-radical activity at the minimum volume between 50 µl -100 µl. Followed by Vitis vinifera at 180 µl -200 µl to scavenge 50% of DPPH radical. 200 µl of concentrated Punica granatum exhibited 50% radical scavenging action, at 250 µl for Citrus reticulata and fruits juices ofAnanas comosus and Vitis amurensis showed 50% of its radical scavenged at a volume of 250µl -300µl. Basiri, (2013) reported the antioxidant property of pomegranate seed extracts23. The phenolic extract of Ananas comosus was described to have antioxidant activity by Haripyaree et al.24. Yi et al.(2008) stated the radical scavenging profile of pericarp extracts from Citrus reticulata25. Freeze-dried ripe Carica papaya in aqueous extract also showed radical scavenging action up to 93% as quoted by Annegowda et al.26. Junior et al.27 stated that citrus possess antioxidant nature due to presence of major constituent of oil called limonene.
Fig. 2. Antioxidant Activity by DPPH assayFRAP Assay
FRAP test was performed for all concentrated fruit juices against ascorbic acid as standard. The absorbance was recorded at 700nm. A graph was plotted with volume of concentrated fruit juices on X axis and absorbance on Y axis (Fig. 3). The absorbance increased for increase in volume of fruit juices added. From relating the absorbance data, the order of antioxidant expression by the fruits are as follows Ficus carica, Vitis amurensis, Punica granatum, Carica papaya, Ananas comosus, Vitis vinifera and Citrus reticulata. Above all, the juice of Ficus carica was found to show high antioxidant activity. With increase in concentration of fresh fruit juices, antioxidant activity progressively increased for Punica granatum and Carica papaya. The graph represents some irregular rising pattern of ferric reducing power with increase in volume for Citrus reticulata, Ananas comosus, Vitis vinifera, Vitis amurensis. Misharina and Samusenko 2008 found that antioxidant power (FRAP) possessed by essential oils from lemon, grapefruit, and their mixtures28. The study of Hassimoto et al.29 observed that the pineapple varieties have antioxidant nature and also Kongsuwan et al.30 stated that the level of contents of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, carotene do not influence antioxidant activity. The hydroalcoholic extracts of Ficus carica leaves were reported to show anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property by Ali et al. (2012)31.
Fig. 3. Antioxidant activity by FRAP assayFRUIT JUICES AS QUORUM QUENCHERS
Impact on Acyl Homoserine Lactone
The FT-IR spectrum of AHL is shown in (Fig. 4). The IR spectrum of AHL extracted from the different concentrated fresh fruit juice treated P.aeruginosa showed transmittance trough at 918 cm-1 corresponding to aromatic groups, 1375 cm-1 which represent the involvement of N=H in the acyl chain32 (Figure 4a-h), and peak between 1,200 – 9,00 cm-1 was attributed to characteristic of C-O-C stretching, the peaks at 1718 cm-1 and 1038 cm-1 corresponds to C=O of lactone ring and N-H respectively33. Kushwaha et al.34 have used LC-MS/MS technique for detecting the quorum sensing molecules and also studied the impact on the same by plant derivatives in P. aeruginosa, confirmed its sensitivity to biofilm forming. On evaluating the M-S results in positive ion mode, the peaks recorded at 197.7 m/z, 258 m/z and 300 m/z corresponds to C4-HSL (homoserine lactone), C10 –HSL and 3-0-12HSL respectively35,36,37(Fig. 7). Unfortunately, fruit extracts do not have direct impact on the functional group as well as in production of AHL from Pseudomonas aeruginosa SU-18. The degradation of the signaling molecule- 3OC12HSL in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified by the action of AHL acylase from a soil pseudomonad strain PAI-A. It was confirmed by Huang et al.38 on monitoring the HSL- releasing activity by LC/APCI-MS technique.
Fig. 4.FT-IR of Acyl Homoserine Lactone a) Control, b) Punica granatum, c) Citrus reticulata, d)Vitis amurensis, e) Carica papaya, f) Vitis vinifera, g) Ananas comosus, h) Ficus caricaImpact on pyocyanin pigment
The Presence of peak at 1637.82 cm-1 in all the extracted samples as observed in(Fig. 5 a-h) corresponded to C=N bond39. The band range between 3400-3300 cm-1 indicated the presence of –OH group in the extracted pyocyanin40. From the LC-MS analysis in positive ion mode (Fig 8a-h), the peak at 211 m/z represents pyocyanin41 and the presence of pyochelin was detected from the peak sensed at 338 m/z42. Punica granatum showed impact on the synthesis of phenazine pyocyanin and Pyochelin production whereas only Pyochelin production was affected in the case of Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera treated cultures (Fig. 8). Bacterial isolate from sponge were found to be effective against the pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa PAO143.
Fig. 5.FT-IR of Pyocyanin extracted (a) Control, (b) Punica granatum, (c) Citrus reticulata, (d) Vitis amurensis, (e) Carica papaya, (f) Vitis vinifera, (g) Ananas comosus, (h) Ficus carica
Fig. 6. FT-IR of Rhamnolipid extracted (a) Control, (b) Punica granatum, (c) Citrus reticulata, (d) Vitis amurensis, (e) Carica papaya, (f) Vitis vinifera, (g) Ananas comosus, (h) Ficus carica
Fig. 7. LC-MS of AHL extracted (a) Control, (b) Punica granatum, (c) Citrus reticulata, (d) Vitis amurensis, (e) Carica papaya,(f) Vitis vinifera, (g) Ananas comosus, (h) Ficus carica
Fig. 8.LC-MS of pyocyanin extracted (a) Control, (b) Punica granatum, (c) Citrus reticulata, (d) Vitis amurensis, (e) Carica papaya, (f) Vitis vinifera, (g) Ananas comosus, (h) Ficus carica
Fig. 9.LC-MS of Rhamnolipid extracted (a) Control, (b) Punica granatum, (c) Citrus reticulata, (d) Vitis amurensis, (e) Carica papaya, (f) Vitis vinifera, (g) Ananas comosus, (h) Ficus caricaImpact on Rhamnolipid
FT-IR spectrum of Rhamnolipid showed distinct vibrations at the wave numbers 2994 cm-1 and 2912 cm-1 due to asymmetric C-H stretching of CH2 and CH3 which is the aliphatic group, 1508 cm-1 was due to C=C stretching. The deformation vibrations at 1435 cm-1 and 1309 cm-1 showed the presence of alkyl groups44and 951 cm-1 corresponded to aromatic groups45 (Fig. 6 a-h). Vibration near 1064 cm-1 is for the glycosidic bond (C–O–C) and methyl and methylene groups were confirmed by vibration near 2700 – 3000 cm-1 46 (Fig. 6 a-h). No functional group shift was observed due to fruit juices. The negative ion mode were estimated from the result of LC-MS analysis for Rhamnolipid extracted from P.aeruginosa, the peaks obtained at 313 m/z corresponds to Rha-C8 and at 503 m/z was due to the detection of Rha C1046 (Fig 9a). Rha C10 was not sensed in the Rhamnolipid extracted from Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis, Vitis vinifera and Ficus carica treated P.aeruginosa (Fig. 9. c, d, f, h) thereby the impact of fruit molecules against biosurfactants was understood. Even Kushwaha et al.34 found capsaicin and 6-gingerol to have impact on rhamnolipid.
All the above used fruit juices possessed antioxidant property which was confirmed by TLC bioautography, DPPH & FRAP assay. The presence of certain fatty acids and its derivates such as oleic acid, decenoic acid and phenols, quinolin compounds was found to show anti-biofilm action in various species, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, B. subtilis, S. aureus47. Correspondingly, the presence of such components in fruit juices was confirmed by GC-MS analysis in our former report13.These anti-biofilm agents could possibly play a major role by interrupting the physiological synthesis of AHL and other virulence factors. The specific pigment namely Pyochelin production was greatly affected in Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera treated cultures. Also, LC-MS analyser for RhamnolipidRha C10 further confirmed Citrus reticulata, Vitis amurensis, Vitis vinifera and Ficus carica treated P.aeruginosa are passive to biosurfactant production.<
Acknowledgements
None.
Conflict Of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Authors’ Contribution
All the authors involved in idea creation and made intellectual contribution to the work. All the authors involved in manuscript preparation.
Funding
None.
Data Availability
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.
Ethics Statement
Not applicable.
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