ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Maher N. Alandiyjany
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
Article Number: 11147 | © The Author(s). 2026
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2026;20(1):870-882. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.20.1.66
Received: 15 November 2025 | Accepted: 18 January 2026 | Published online: 09 March 2026
Issue online: March 2026
Abstract

Cities across Saudi Arabia are grappling with expanding rates of antimicrobial resistance, fuelled in part by overuse of antibiotics. Nevertheless, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance has been scanty, especially in regions such as Makkah, which renders this study to be very significant in shaping up the regional and national public health policies. The study has been conducted at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital in Makkah from November 2024 to April 2025. Both sexes were included (30-70 years of age). A total 960 specimens were obtained from patients at Al-Noor Hospital in Makkah. The positive culture rates were as follows: Escherichia coli 310, Klebsiella 233, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 157, Acinetobacter 114, Enterobacter 80 and Proteus 66. Highest number of1152 isolates in bacteriological examination was 148 from bronchial aspiration samples. Subsequent gastrointestinal symptoms (132) and urine C/S tests done (122). The findings indicated that 69.6% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 18.2% were extensively drug resistant (XDR), and 11.7% were pandrug resistant (PDR). We observed high susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. These results indicate a pan-drug resistance situation, which calls for continuous monitoring, research and development to prevent further spread of resistance, and to safeguard the efficacy of present regimens. This study infers that the resistance rates of antibiotics in pathogens are higher in the Kingdom and some of the world studies.

Keywords

Multidrug-resistant Bacteria, Extensively Drug-resistant Bacteria, Gram-negative, Antibiotic Resistant

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© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.