ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Review Article | Open Access
Khalid Abosalif1 , Muhammad Atif1, Hasnain Farooq2, Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla1, Albadawi Talha1, Marwa Abdalla3, Nada Amien4, Bi Bi Zainab Mazhari5 and Hasan Ejaz1
1Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia.
2Department of Pathology Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
3Primary Health Care of Qara, Aljouf Health Cluster, Sakaka 72343, Saudi Arabia.
4Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
5Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Qurayyat 75911, Saudi Arabia.
Article Number: 10176 | © The Author(s). 2025
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2025;19(2):766-779. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.19.2.35
Received: 23 December 2024 | Accepted: 25 April 2025 | Published online: 31 May 2025
Issue online: June 2025
Abstract

Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to human blood via the bite of the Anopheles mosquito, cause malaria, an acute and severe disease that can potentially be fatal. These parasites and their mosquito vectors proliferate in warmer climates and, therefore, are more prevalent in certain regions. In 2021, fifty percent of the global population was at risk of malaria. Although this disease can affect any individual, specific demographic groups, including young children, pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals, are more susceptible to infection and are at higher risk of mortality. Among Plasmodium species, only P. falciparum causes cerebral malaria and is behind the most severe symptoms and fatalities. The pathogenesis of Plasmodium malaria is associated with the downstream signaling pathways and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of innate immunity. Owing to the potential role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of malaria, TLR gene polymorphisms may be subject to selection pressure in communities where the disease is endemic. This review paper summarizes the prevailing knowledge of the fundamental characteristics of TLRs and their role in malaria disease. In addition, it throws light on the potential role of the TLR signaling system in malaria pathogenesis.

Keywords

Innate Immunity, Malaria, Plasmodium species, TLRs, Ligands, Nucleic Acid Motifs

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© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.